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Religion en Allemagne
Catholicisme romain, une de deux principales religions de l'Allemagne, traces ses origines là au travail de missionnaire de huitième-siècle de Saint Boniface. En siècles à venir, le catholicisme romain a rendu plus de convertis et de diffusion à l'est. Aux douzièmes et treizièmes siècles, les chevaliers de l'ordre de Teutonic ont écarté l'influence allemande et catholique par la force des bras le long de la côte baltique méridionale et en la Russie. En 1517, cependant, Martin Luther a défié l'autorité papale et ce qu'il a vu comme commercialisation de sa foi. Dans le processus, Luther a changé le cours de l'histoire d'Européen et du monde et a établi la deuxième foi principale en Allemagne -- protestantisme.
Les différences religieuses ont joué un rôle décisif dans des trente la guerre années. Un legs durable de la réforme protestante et de ce conflit était la division de l'Allemagne dans des régions assez distinctes de la pratique religieuse. Le catholicisme romain est demeuré la foi prépondérante dans les états allemands méridionaux et occidentaux, alors que le Protestantisme devenait fermement établi dans les régions du nord-est et centrales. Les poches de catholicisme romain ont existé à Oldenbourg dans le nord et dans les secteurs de Hesse.Type or paste here to translate text...Type or paste here to translate text...Type or paste here to translate text...Type or paste here to translate text...Type or paste here to translate text... Protestant congregations could be found in north Baden and northeastern Bavaria.
The unification of Germany in 1871 under Prussian leadership led to the strengthening of Protestantism.
Otto von Bismarck sought to weaken Roman Catholic influence through an anti-Roman Catholic campaign, the Kulturkampf, in the early 1870s.
The Jesuit order was prohibited in Germany, and its members were expelled from the country.
In Prussia the "Falk laws," named for Adalbert Falk, Bismarck's minister of culture, mandated German citizenship and attendance at German universities for clergymen, state inspection of schools, and state confirmation of parish and episcopal appointments.
Although relations between the Roman Catholic Church and the state were subsequently improved through negotiations with the Vatican, the Kulturkampf engendered in Roman Catholics a deep distrust of the empire and enmity toward Prussia.
Prior to World War II, about two-thirds of the German population was Protestant and the remainder Roman Catholic.
Bavaria was a Roman Catholic stronghold.
Roman Catholics were also well represented in the populations of Baden-Württemberg, the Saarland, and in much of the Rhineland.
Elsewhere in Germany, especially in the north and northeast, Protestants were in the majority.
During the Hitler regime, except for individual acts of resistance, the established churches were unable or unwilling to mount a serious challenge to the supremacy of the state.
A Nazi, Ludwig Müller, was installed as the Lutheran bishop in Berlin.
Although raised a Roman Catholic, Hitler respected only the power and organization of the Roman Catholic Church, not its tenets.
In July 1933, shortly after coming to power, the Nazis scored their first diplomatic success by concluding a concordat with the Vatican, regulating church-state relations.
In return for keeping the right to maintain denominational schools nationwide, the Vatican assured the Nazis that Roman Catholic clergy would refrain from political activity, that the government would have a say in the choice of bishops, and that changes in diocesan boundaries would be subject to government approval.
However, the Nazis soon violated the concordat's terms, and by the late 1930s almost all denominational schools had been abolished.
Toward the end of 1933, an opposition group under the leadership of Lutheran pastors Martin Niemöller and Dietrich Bonhoeffer formed the "Confessing Church." The members of this church opposed the takeover of the Lutheran Church by the Nazis.
Many of its members were eventually arrested, and some were executed--among them, Bonhoeffer--by the end of World War II.
- Catholicisme Romain
- Protestantisme
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- Politics (gouvernement, le chancelier, president, parties, Bundestag)
- Mass Media (journaux, radio et TV)
- Armed Forces (armee, marine, Armees de l'Air, police)
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