What’s the hardest part of learning German? For English speakers, it is most probably German word order. It’s one of the many obstacles that need to be overcome for German learners.
It might seem confusing and bizarre at first, but in time it will eventually begin to click. Learn the rules of German word order and practice them so that you can you use the language more confidently.
1. Learn which conjunctions change word order in German and which don’t
There are different kinds of conjunctions that have different effects on the sentence.
The “normal” word order, as we expect it to be, is Subject Verb Object.
Ich werfe den Ball.
Coordinating conjunctions have no effect on word order: und, denn, sondern, aber, and oder.
Ich renne vorwärts und ich werfe den Ball.
Ich kann den Ball nicht gut treten, aber ich werfe den Ball ziemlich gut.
Entweder sagst du mir die Wahrheit, oder ich werfe dir den Ball ins Gesicht!
Ich bin stark, denn ich werfe jeden Tag im Basketball-Training den Ball.
Subordinating conjunctions do something much more confusing—they kick the first verb in the clause to the end of the clause. The most common subordinating conjunctions are: während, bis, als, wenn, da, weil, ob, obwohl, and dass.
Ich kann ihn nicht leiden, weil er so ein egoistischer Idiot ist.
Normally, the word order would be:
Er ist so ein egoistischer Idiot.
But if you use a subordinating conjunction, then the verb gets moved to the end of the clause:
Ich habe auch schon immer gedacht, dass er ein egoistischer Idiot ist.
Obwohl er ein egoistischer Idiot ist, sollten wir nett zu ihm sein.
2. Learn when to hold the verbs until the end
In German, there are many situations where the verb absolutely has to come at the end of the sentence. This is one of the reasons why German is considered to be such a strange and difficult language.
Modal Verbs
In German, the infinitive of the verb is usually easy to spot – almost every verb in the entire language ends in “-en.” (there are some like sammeln– to collect, and segeln– to sail, which are a little different!)
Laufen, gehen, sagen, singen, lieben, führen, usw. (und so weiter…)
Modal verbs are a very common kind of “helping verb,” and in German you’ll see them, in various forms, all of the time.
müssen, können, sollen, möchten
When you use a modal verb, the second verb in the sentence is always in the infinitive and comes at the end of the sentence.
It’s not going to feel natural for you at first to put the infinite at the end of sentence! Just imagine picking it up, juggling it, and putting it down in the right place.
Müssen wir ihm mit seinem blöden Umzug nochmal helfen?
NEVER: Müssen wir helfen mit seinem blöden Umzug?
Relative Clauses
In German, in every relative clause (Nebensatz), the verb comes at the end.
Kommt auch der Idiot, der mich so nervt, zur Party? Kommt Magdalena, die letztes Wochenende so witzig war, auch ins Kino?
If there are two verbs in a relative clause, the verb that gets booted to the end of the sentence is always the first verb. That means the “habe” in “habe…. geschlafen” or the “ist” in “ist… gegangen,” or the “muss” in “muss… lernen.” The other verb stays in its normal position. (past participle is the jargon but i can understand you leaving that out!)
Das Geschenk, das ich meinem Vater gekauft habe, ist nicht mehr in meinem Auto! Ich möchte nur Mitarbeiter in meinem Café haben, die richtig gut Latte Art machen können.
3. When in German invert you the sentence?
These Yoda-esque inversions are another reason why Germans who are bad at English might say things like “Today can we going to the store?” Any time a temporal adverb or prepositional phrase comes at the beginning of the sentence, the verb has to come in the second position.
Morgen gehen wir feiern. 1914 fing der Erste Weltkrieg an.
It’s still correct for you to put adverbs in another part of the sentence:
Wir gehen morgen feiern.
But don’t mess this up! You can even put the object at the beginning of the sentence and invert it to add emphasis on the object.
Seine Umzüge habe ich niemals gemocht – Er hat einfach zu viele Möbel!
Do you see? habecomes before ichin the sentence.
Here are some examples of prepositional phrases at the beginning of the sentence that put the verb at the end:
Gestern hat sie mir etwas unglaublicheerzählt. Gegenüber von mir sitzen zwei andere Deutsche.
4. Putting adverbs in the right word order in German
The basic rule for a German sentence is: Subject, Verb, Indirect Object (dative), Direct Object
Ich warf ihm den Ball. Sie gab mir ein Geschenk.
Finally, when you’re putting together a long string of information in a sentence, all of the information should come in in the order Time Manner Place (TMP).That means that adverbs describing when something happened should come first, followed by how adverbs, and finally whereadverbs.
Try looking at long German sentences that you find in newspapers or books so that you can get some real-life examples of how to use adverbs correctly.
Ich ging gestern gelangweilt in die Uni. Toby kam heute morgen ins Büro gelaufen und sagte, dass Tanja heute Kuchen mitgebracht hat. Ich musste mich beeilen, weil ich noch etwas davon kriegen wollte!
Here, the modal verb wollteis booted to the end of the sentence because weilis that kind of conjunction. Dass does the same thing, moving hat to after mitgebracht.
Time: heuteMorgen
Manner – laufend
Place- in das Büro (note that here it’s in das Büro and not im Büro because Toby ran in, so it’s a verb with movement and that means that in takes the accusative case)
Remember, even if it seems difficult, that’s just German! Stick with it. Good luck!
