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Ostpolitik
West Germany's relations with the East European states had virtually
stagnated since the establishment of the Hallstein Doctrine in the mid-1950s.
In 1970, in an attempt to lessen tensions in Europe, Brandt and his FDP
minister for foreign affairs, Walter Scheel, agreed to negotiate with
the communist bloc. For the first time since 1948, the top politicians
of the FRG and the GDR held talks, with Brandt and the East German prime
minister, Willi Stoph, meeting in Erfurt in East Germany and Kassel in
West Germany. Although the talks produced no concrete results because
Brandt refused to recognize the GDR as a sovereign state, communication
lines were reopened.
After coordinating policy goals with the United States, the FRG also
entered negotiations with the Soviet Union on a treaty normalizing relations,
in which both countries renounced the use of force. The FRG agreed to
make no territorial claims, and it recognized de facto the Oder-Neisse
border and the border between the FRG and the GDR. FRG negotiators, however,
insisted that such agreements did not alter the West German position on
future reunification of the country and that the responsibilities of the
Four Powers in Germany remained unchanged by the treaty. They also linked
the signing of the treaty to a Soviet promise to open talks on normalizing
the Berlin situation. After the Soviet Union had agreed to these conditions,
the Treaty of Moscow was signed in August 1970. The agreement opened the
road to negotiations with other countries of the Soviet bloc.
In December 1970, after ten months of complicated negotiations, the
FRG and Poland signed the Treaty of Warsaw. The treaty contained essentially
the same points as the Treaty of Moscow on the question of Poland's western
border, the renunciation of territorial claims by the FRG, and the ongoing
responsibilities of the Four Powers. In return, Poland agreed to allow
ethnic Germans still in Poland to emigrate to the FRG. During the subsequent
debates on the ratification of the two treaties, the CDU/CSU and part
of the FDP made their consent contingent on the formulation of a strong
statement by the Bundestag underscoring Germany's right to reunification
in self-determination and of the Allies' responsibilities for Germany
and Berlin.
Concurrent with the negotiations on the treaties of Moscow and Warsaw,
the Four Powers undertook to end disagreement about the status of Berlin
in talks that ultimately led to the Four Power Agreement (also known as
the Quadripartite Agreement) of September 1971. The talks, which began
in March 1970, got off to a difficult start because the Western Allies
and the Soviet Union were deeply divided over their basic interpretation
of the "status of Berlin." After they "agreed to disagree" on this point,
progress was finally made, and all sides concurred that the status quo
of Berlin should not be changed unilaterally.
The Soviet Union made two very important concessions: traffic to and
from West Berlin would be unimpeded in the future, and the existing ties
of West Berlin to the FRG were given de facto recognition. Soviet officials,
however, insisted that West Berlin was not to be considered a territory
belonging to the FRG and therefore was not to be governed by it. Furthermore,
the Soviet Union made the conclusion of the agreement among the Four Powers
contingent on the signing of the Treaty of Moscow between the FRG and
the Soviet Union, which was still under negotiation. They thereby established
the same linkage that the FRG had demanded, but in reverse.
The Four Power Agreement charged the governments of West Berlin and
the GDR with negotiating an accord that would regulate access to and from
West Berlin from the FRG and secure the right of West Berliners to visit
East Berlin and the GDR. The Transit Agreement of May 1972 arranged these
matters and also secured the rights of GDR citizens to visit the FRG,
but only in cases of family emergency.
Following the negotiations on traffic between the FRG and the GDR, both
sides recognized the feasibility of arriving at a more comprehensive treaty
between the two German states. Talks began in August 1972 and culminated
in December 1972 with the signing of the Basic Treaty. In the treaty,
both states committed themselves to developing normal relations on the
basis of equality, guaranteeing their mutual territorial integrity as
well as the border between them, and recognizing each other's independence
and sovereignty. They also agreed to the exchange of "permanent missions"
in Bonn and East Berlin to further relations.
After the bitterly contested approval of the Basic Treaty by the SPD-FDP-controlled
Bundestag in May 1973, a political decision that the CDU/CSU had warned
against for decades became a reality: West Germany's de facto recognition
of East Germany as a separate state. To many conservatives, the Basic
Treaty represented the failure of the Hallstein Doctrine and a final blow
to the possibility of Germany's reunification. Bavaria filed a suit in
the Federal Constitutional Court in Karlsruhe to prevent the treaty's
implementation, but the court held the treaty to be compatible with the
provisions of the Basic Law. As a result of the treaty, the FRG and the
GDR became members of the UN in June 1973.
Among the states to the east, Czechoslovakia remained the only neighbor
with which West Germany had not yet normalized diplomatic relations. Negotiations
with this country proved to be considerably more difficult than those
with the Soviet Union or Poland. The main obstacle was a difference in
interpreting the Munich Agreement of September 1938. On the one hand,
the FRG maintained that the accord itself had to be considered legally
valid but that the occupation of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 had voided
its provisions. Czechoslovakia, on the other hand, insisted that the accord
be considered void from the very beginning. Both sides finally agreed
that the accord was to be considered void, but that all legal proceedings
in the occupied territory between 1938 and 1945 were to be upheld. Once
this basic understanding had been reached, the treaty with Czechoslovakia,
known as the Treaty of Prague, similar in content to the Treaty of Warsaw,
was signed in December 1973, and diplomatic relations were established.
Shortly thereafter, West Germany exchanged ambassadors with Hungary and
Bulgaria.
- Willy Brandt
- Ostpolitik
- Helmut Schmidt
- The Student
Movement and Terrorism
- The Greens
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