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Economia Alemana
Los alemanes orgulloso etiquetan su economía un "soziale Marktwirtschaft," o "economía de mercado social," para demostrar que el sistema pues se ha convertido después de que la Segunda Guerra Mundial tenga -- o el ser humano -- una dimensión material y social. Tensionan la importancia del término "mercado" porque después de la experiencia nazi desearon una economía libre de la intervención de estado y de la dominación. El único papel del estado en la nueva economía de la R. F. Alemana era proteger el ambiente competitivo contra tendencias monopolísticas u oligopolistic -- incluyendo sus el propios.
The term "social" is stressed because West Germans wanted an economy that would not only help the wealthy but also care for the workers and others who might not prove able to cope with the strenuous competitive demands of a market economy. The term "social" was chosen rather than "socialist" to distinguish their system from those in which the state claimed the right to direct the economy or to intervene in it.
Beyond these principles of the social market economy, but linked to it, comes a more traditional German concept, that of Ordnung, which can be directly translated to mean order but which really means an economy, society, and polity that are structured but not dictatorial. The founders of the social market economy insisted that Denken in Ordnungen --to think in terms of systems of order--was essential. They also spoke of Ordo-Liberalismus because the essence of the concept is that this must be a freely chosen order, not a command order.
En un cierto plazo, el termino "social" en la economia de mercado social comenzo a adquirir una vida sus el propios. It moved the West German economy toward an extensive social welfare system that has become one of the most expensive in the world. Moreover, the West German federal government and the states (Lander) began to compensate for irregularities in economic cycles and for shifts in world production by beginning to shelter and support some sectors and industries. In an even greater departure from the Erhard tradition, the government became an instrument for the preservation of existing industries rather than a force for renewal. En los anos 70, el estado asumio un papel siempre mas importante en la economia. During the 1980s, Chancellor Helmut Kohl tried to reduce that state role, and he succeeded in part, but German unification again compelled the German government to assume a stronger role in the economy. Asi, la contradiccion entre los terminos "sociales" y el "mercado" ha seguido siendo un elemento para el discusion en Alemania.
Dado la contradiccion interna en su filosofia, la economia alemana es conservadora y dinamica. It is conservative in the sense that it draws on the part of the German tradition that envisages some state role in the economy and a cautious attitude toward investment and risk-taking. It is dynamic in the sense that it is directed toward growth--even if that growth may be slow and steady rather than spectacular. Intenta combinar las virtudes de un sistema del mercado con las virtudes de un sistema de la asistencia social.
Treinta Firmas Industriales Mas grandes De Alemania, 1993
Firma |
Ventas (en mil millones de Marcos alemanes) |
Empleados (en millares) |
Daimler-daimler-Benz |
97.7 |
366.7 |
Siemens |
81.6 |
391.0 |
Volkswagen |
76.6 |
253.0 |
VEBA |
66.3 |
128.3 |
RWE |
55.8 |
118.0 |
Hoechst |
46.0 |
172.5 |
BASF |
43.1 |
112.0 |
Bayer |
41.0 |
151.9 |
Thyssen |
33.5 |
141.0 |
Bosch |
32.5 |
156.6 |
Bmw |
29.0 |
71.0 |
Mannesmann |
28.0 |
127.7 |
Metallgesellschaft |
26.1 |
42.6 |
VIAG |
23.7 |
80.7 |
Ruhrkohle |
23.4 |
111.2 |
Preussag |
23.3 |
73.3 |
Adan Opel |
23.0 |
50.8 |
Cascara De Deutsche |
21.4 |
3.2 |
Ford |
21.2 |
43.8 |
Hoesch-Krupp |
20.5 |
78.4 |
ESSO |
19.4 |
2.4 |
HOMBRE |
19.0 |
57.8 |
Bertelsmann |
17.2 |
50.5 |
Degussa |
14.9 |
32.1 |
Punto de ebullicion De Deutsche |
14.7 |
2.8 |
Ruhrgas |
14.3 |
11.6 |
Henkel |
14.1 |
40.5 |
IBM Deutschland |
12.6 |
25.0 |
PH. Holzmann |
12.5 |
43.8 |
Agiv |
10.0 |
42.7 |
- Economia domestica y relaciones economicas internacionales
- Bundesbank
- El Milagro Economico
- Impacto de la unificacion en economia alemana
- Alemania en la economia mundial
- Modernidad Alemana Nacional
- Cultura de la gerencia alemana
- Geografia (tierras y capitales, clima)
- Sociedad (poblacion, religion, union, urbanizacion, estructura social, inmigracion)
- Educacion (elemental, menor, mayor, vocacional, mas alto)
- Economia (el milagro economico, el sistema financiero, el Bundesbank, la cultura) del negocio
- Politica (gobierno, el canciller, el presidente, partidos, Bundestag)
- Medioses de comunicacion (periodicos, radio y TV)
- Fuerzas Armadas (ejercito, marina de guerra, fuerzas aereas, policia)
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