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The Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648
Germany enjoyed a time of relative quiet between the Peace of Augsburg,
signed in 1555, and the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War in 1618. The
empire functioned in a more regular way than previously, and its federal
nature was more evident than in the past. The Reichstag met frequently
to deal with public matters, and the emperors Ferdinand I (r. 1556-64)
and Maximilian II (r. 1564-76) were cautious rulers concerned mostly with
strengthening their family's hold on Austria and adjacent areas. Rudolf
II (r. 1576-1612) was an indolent and capricious ruler who generally followed
his advisers' counsel. As a result, some German states were able to expand
their territories by annexing smaller neighbors in the absence of an engaged
and attentive emperor. Local rivalries engendered tensions that often
were based on religious affiliation.
- The
Counter-Reformation and Religious Tensions
- Military Campaigns
- The Peace of Westphalia
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