German Culture

All about Germany

  • Home
  • Learn German
  • Articles
    • Famous Germans
    • German Holidays
    • Cuisine
    • How To In Germany
    • Daily Life
    • German Facts
    • German Traditions
  • Facts About Germany
  • German History
  • German Recipes
    • German Baking Recipes
    • German Christmas Recipes
    • Desserts
    • Easter Recipes
    • Halloween Recipes
    • Main Dishes
    • Salads
    • Sauerkraut Recipes
  • Travel to Germany
  • Contact

Arthur Schopenhauer

arturschopenhauer

Arthur Schopenhauer (22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was one of the greatest philosophers of the 19th century, known for his philosophy of pessimism and for his emphasis on the will. He claimed that our world is driven by a continually dissatisfied will, continually seeking satisfaction.

A key focus of Schopenhauer was his investigation of individual motivation. Before Schopenhauer, Hegel had popularized the concept of Zeitgeist, the idea that society consisted of a collective consciousness which moved in a distinct direction, dictating the actions of its members. Schopenhauer, a reader of both Kant and Hegel, criticized their logical optimism and the belief that individual morality could be determined by society and reason. Schopenhauer believed that humans were motivated by only their own basic desires, or Wille zum Leben (“Will to Live”), which directed all of mankind.

For Schopenhauer, human desire was futile, illogical, directionless, and, by extension, so was all human action in the world. He wrote “Man can indeed do what he wants, but he cannot will what he wants”. In this sense, he adhered to the Fichtean principle of idealism: “the world is for a subject”. This idealism so presented, immediately commits it to an ethical attitude, unlike the purely epistemological concerns of Descartes and Berkeley. To Schopenhauer, the Will is a malignant, metaphysical existence which controls not only the actions of individual, intelligent agents, but ultimately all observable phenomena; an evil to be terminated via mankind’s duties: asceticism and chastity.

He is credited with one of the most famous opening lines of philosophy: “The world is my representation”. Will, for Schopenhauer, is what Kant called the “thing-in-itself.” Nietzsche was greatly influenced by this idea of Will, while developing it in a different direction.

Arthur_Schopenhauer_1815_by_Ludwig_Sigismund_Ruhl

Schopenhauer in 1815, second of the critical five years of the initial composition of Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung.

In his 1851 essay Of Women, Schopenhauer expressed his opposition to what he called “Teutonico-Christian stupidity” on female affairs. He claimed that “woman is by nature meant to obey”, and opposed Schiller’s poem in honor of women, “Würde der Frauen” (“Dignity of Women”). The essay does give two compliments, however: that “women are decidedly more sober in their judgment than [men] are” and are more sympathetic to the suffering of others.

Arthur Schopenhauer is the author of famous sayings like:

  • “I have long held the opinion that the amount of noise that anyone can bear undisturbed stands in inverse proportion to his mental capacity and therefore be regarded as pretty fair measure of it.”
  • “There is no more mistaken path to happiness than worldliness, revelry, high life.”
  • “The two foes of human happiness are pain and boredom.”
  • “To marry is to halve your rights and double your duties.”
  • “Through what we do we learn what we are.”

Arthur Schopenhauer had a very strong impact on philosophy, literature and human minds of that time. Written in a simple language unusual for philosophy, his works reflected concerns and tragedies of the real life, not just usual empyreal problems all philosophers used to deal with.

Arthur Schopenhauer was the first European thinker to study the Upanishads, Indian teachings, and Buddhism, which deeply influenced his thought together with the works of Plato and Immanuel Kant. Like the majority of philosophers, Shopenhauer was up to build a proper philosophy of representation. He made an attempt to do it in 1819 in his famous work The World as Will and Idea, where he characterized the Will as a non-rational force driving the ultimately meaningless struggle for existence. Even if we were able to satisfy all of the Will’s demands, we would still be unhappy; because everything ends in disappointment and, finally, in death. In his view, reality is a representation of the Will, not God. He was the first to speak of life as suffering, and his own life was full of it.

Schopenhauer’s works influenced those of Nietzsche, Freud, Wittgenstein, and Richard Wagner.




Related articles:
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche
Immanuel Kant

You might also like:

  • Caspar David FriedrichCaspar David Friedrich
  • Max PlanckMax Planck
  • Georg CantorGeorg Cantor
  • Karl Marx, Whose Philosophy Shaped the 20th CenturyKarl Marx, Whose Philosophy Shaped the 20th Century
  • Wanderer above the Sea of FogWanderer above the Sea of Fog
  • Johannes GutenbergJohannes Gutenberg
  • Johannes KeplerJohannes Kepler
  • Karl Drais, the Bicycle and Typewriter InventorKarl Drais, the Bicycle and Typewriter Inventor

Recent Posts

Coronavirus in Germany: Drastic Measures

Coronavirus in Germany: Drastic Measures

Bavarian Alps

Bavarian Alps

Prinzregententorte – Bavarian Layered Chocolate Cake

Prinzregententorte – Bavarian Layered Chocolate Cake

Donauwelle Kuchen

Donauwelle Kuchen

German Flag Origin

German Flag Origin

Copyright © 2021 · German Culture